英语定语从句是句子中用来修饰名词或代词的从句,通过关系词（如who, which, that等）与主句连接，掌握定语从句的用法，能让表达更精确，文章更流畅，本文将详细介绍定语从句的构成、关系词的选择、常见错误及实用例句，帮助读者在写作和口语中灵活运用。
定语从句的基本结构
定语从句通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词之后,由关系词引导，关系词的选择取决于被修饰词的属性：
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指人：用who（作主语或宾语）、whom（作宾语）、whose（表示所属关系）
- The man who is standing there is my teacher.（作主语）
- The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister.（作宾语）
- The student whose book was lost is very upset.（表示所属）
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指物或动物：用which（正式）、that（非正式或限定性从句）
- The book which I borrowed is very interesting.（正式）
- The dog that barks loudly belongs to my neighbor.（非正式）
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指时间、地点或原因：用when（时间）、where（地点）、why（原因）
- I still remember the day when we first met.（时间）
- This is the house where I grew up.（地点）
- Do you know the reason why he left early?（原因）
限定性定语从句 vs. 非限定性定语从句
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限定性定语从句（无逗号）：对主句意义至关重要，去掉后句子意思不完整。
- The car that was stolen yesterday has been found.（限定性，指特定的车）
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非限定性定语从句（有逗号）：提供额外信息，去掉后不影响句子核心意思。
- My brother, who lives in New York, is coming to visit.（非限定性，补充信息）
注意：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导，只能用who, which等。
关系词的省略情况
在口语和非正式写作中,关系词有时可以省略，但需满足以下条件：
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关系词在从句中作宾语（不能省略主语关系词）
- The movie (that) we watched last night was amazing.（that可省略）
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从句是“there be”结构
- This is the best restaurant (that) there is in town.（that可省略）
常见错误及纠正
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误用关系词
- ❌ The man which helped me is kind.（which不能指人）
- ✅ The man who helped me is kind.
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重复主语或宾语
- ❌ The book that I bought it is interesting.（it多余）
- ✅ The book that I bought is interesting.
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混淆whose和who’s
- ❌ The girl who’s bag was stolen is crying.（who’s=who is，错误）
- ✅ The girl whose bag was stolen is crying.
实用例句
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指人
- The doctor who treated me was very patient.
- The athlete whose record was broken is training harder.
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指物
- The laptop which I use for work is very fast.
- The cake that she baked tastes delicious.
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指时间、地点
- Summer is the season when many people travel.
- The park where we had a picnic is now closed.
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复杂结构
- She is one of the few people who understand this theory.（注意动词单复数）
- The company, whose profits have doubled, plans to expand.
如何提升定语从句运用能力
- 多读英文原版材料：观察定语从句在文章中的使用方式。
- 仿写练习：模仿经典例句，尝试替换不同关系词。
- 语法检查工具：利用Grammarly等工具检测句子结构是否正确。
- 口语练习：在日常对话中尝试使用定语从句，增强语感。
英语定语从句看似复杂,但只要掌握核心规则，多加练习，就能自然融入表达中，无论是写作还是口语，精准的定语从句能让语言更丰富，逻辑更清晰。
